Implementing Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Actualizing Organizational Change - Essay Example The third stage is process reengineering. In this stage it is accepted that gradual changes have an insignificant effect, significant upgrades might be accomplished by ignoring how the procedure is embraced during the present and beginning a fresh start. The last stage is the corporate change that is increasingly intense and includes changes that influence the association when all is said in done. It might incorporate acquisitions and mergers. One of my friends posted an article on Tichy’s three sorts of progress. The article expressed that any change inside an association was brought about by changes in the specialized, political and social viewpoints. This article was appropriately explored anyway neglected to consider the phases of progress inside a substance (Lune, 2006). The other article was on Balogun and Hope-Hailey’s Change Model. This model expresses that there are four kinds of progress inside associations that consider four procedures. Two orders depend on the final product and incorporate realignment and change. The other two classes depend on nature of progress and incorporate enormous detonation and gradual

Why I want to Be a Fire Officer free essay sample

It will be multi year in May since the first occasion when I said I needed to be a fire official. I was at the foundation with my colleagues as we discussed what we might want to achieve in the local group of fire-fighters. One thing I said that echoes in the rear of my psyche is that I needed to have any kind of effect in the local group of fire-fighters and the network by bringing new advanced thoughts and doing whatever it takes not to fix anything that’s not broken. Thusly, I set a drawn out objective for one day to turn into a fire Chief. In the wake of being relegated to Engine 2 out of the fire foundation my objective was at a halt. I needed to learn, in any case, it was almost no exertion placed in to show newcomers around then. Along these lines, Instead of proceeding with my vocation there, I chose to proceed onward and begin once again. Therefore I put my exchange in for Engine 124 where they had a custom of preparing fireman into great pioneers. We will compose a custom article test on Why I need to Be a Fire Officer or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page When I moved, I disclosed to myself when I increase enough understanding and become progressively able to be an official is the point at which I would read and sit for the official test. During my time at Engine 2 I turned out to be increasingly acquainted with my activity by working under and being tutored by my official. I was instructed how to be a decent fireman just as being a decent Acting Lieutenant. I likewise realized the stuff to be a piece of a group. Because of being a newcomer and not getting sufficient preparing, Additionally, I figured out how to be a decent pioneer you should be a decent instructor. Since I have just about fourteen years in the Fire office, energized through the positions with in my unit to a first acting man, and keeping in mind that doing that picking up experience that makes me progressively qualified to be an official. What's more, consequently, I think it’s time for me to proceed with my excursion to fulfillâ my objective of turning into a boss in the Fire Department.

The Chinese Calendar Chinese New Year Reference (Grades K-12)

The Chinese Calendar Chinese New Year Reference (ou'll find a chart of the Chinese calendar. Students can reference this calendar to figure out their Chinese sign of the horoscope. Subjects: Social Studies and History (3,353) China (18) Holidays: Asian-Pacific-American Heritage Month (33) Holidays (392) New Years (9) Chinese New Year (28) The Chinese lunar year is divided into 12 months of 29 or 30 days. The calendar is adjusted to the length of the solar year by the addition of extra months at regular intervals. The years are arranged in major cycles of 60 years. Each successive year is named after one of 12 animals. These 12-year cycles are continuously repeated. The Chinese New Year is celebrated at the second new moon after the winter solstice and falls between January 21 and February 19 on the Gregorian calendar. The year 2007 translates to the Chinese year 4704â€"4705. The year 2008 translates to the Chinese year 4705â€"4706. Rat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Sheep(Goat) Monkey Rooster Dog Pig 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1 916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 199 3 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Extension ActivityOn the chart, find the year you were born. Research the traits associated with your Chinese zodiac sign. Does your personality match these traits? Which traits match and which traits don't match. Give examples. Is there a different sign with characteristics that match your personality? Explain which sign is a better match and why. Infoplease Infopleaseâ€"an authoritative, comprehensive reference website that offers an encyclopedia, a dictionary, an atlas, and several almanacs. Visit Infoplease.com to find more resources endorsed by teachers and librarians.

The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood And Brave New World

The Handmaids tale by Margaret Atwood and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley are both dystopian fiction novels. In both novels all the aspects of society are controlled by the government. In Brave New World Characters in the novel are kept happy through drugs and society’s roles are determined depending on the genetics and lack of education. However in Handmaids Tale characters are controlled by secret police and very strict social rules and societal roles are determined by your lack of reproductive abilities. In this essay I will be focusing on how the role of women in dystopian societies focus on sexual roles and motherhood. In Hand maids tale there were different names and roles for women within Gilead in order of status. The Commander’s wives; wives of the commanders who always wear blue coloured clothing and are expected to have children and if they can’t the role gets passed down to Handmaids. The Aunts; women who wore only brown clothing, were very strong believers of Gilead and its values and morals, they enforce the ways of Gilead onto the Handmaids forcing them to accept their fate. The Martha’s; women who only wore green coloured clothing, they were house hold servant which were in charge of cooking and cleaning, they have been given this status of a Martha because they are either; too old, infertile or have had their tubes ties before society arose so can’t reproduce. The Handmaids, who always had to wear red clothing there one and only job is to produceShow MoreRelated Feminism In The Handmaids Tale Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism In The Handmaids Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚   Feminism as we know it began in the mid 1960s as the Womens Liberation Movement. Among its chief tenants is the idea of womens empowerment, the idea that women are capable of doing and should be allowed to do anything men can do. Feminists believe that neither sex is naturally superior. They stand behind the idea that women are inherently just as strong and intelligent as the so-called stronger sex. Many writers have taken up the cause of feminismRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1540 Words   |  7 Pages Handmaid’s Tale The literary masterpiece The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, is a story not unlike a cold fire; hope peeking through the miserable and meaningless world in which the protagonist gets trapped. The society depicts the discrimination towards femininity, blaming women for their low birth rate and taking away the right from the females to be educated ,forbidding them from reading or writing. These appear in Ethan Alter’s observations that: In this brave new world, women are subjugatedRead MoreSexuality in Literature Essay2653 Words   |  11 Pagessocieties it is encouraged, praised, and advocated to speak about it openly. Sexuality in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood was one that was tabooed and against the strict, empowering rules of the Gilead state. Sex was forbidden for men and women; but women were the ones who reproduced the babies. Therefore, they were forced into having sex with no pleasure to conceive children. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, sex for only sexual pleasure is what society actually strived at. The feeding of theRead MoreMemories of Life Before Government Control: Orwells 1984, Atwoods The Handmaids Tale, and Huxleys Brave New World1107 Words   |  5 Pagesstories of the past cannot be completely altered to forget what life was like. Society uses these memoires to compare it to the new way of ruling which sometimes is less favorable to the individual. Governments try to chang e people’s opinions of reality which proves to be impossible. Within the novels, 1984 by George Orwell, The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley the Governments have taken societys freedom away and all that remains are the memories of what life wasRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale1544 Words   |  7 Pageswith feminist themes is Margaret Atwood. Her work is clearly influenced by the movement and many literary critics, as well as Atwood herself, have identified her as a feminist writer. However, one of Atwood s most successful books, The Handmaid s Tale, stands in stark contrast to the ideas of feminism. In fact, the female characters in the novel are portrayed in such a way that they directly conflict with the idea of women s empowerment. On the surface, The Handmaid s Tale appears to be feministRead MoreOrwell s 1984 And Huxley s Brave New World1821 Words   |  8 PagesHuxley’s Brave New World, the oppressed are mollified and manipulated by propaganda, indoctrination and betrayal in 1984 and by excessive drug use in A Brave New World, and in both novels the oppressed seem to be complicit in their oppression. This pattern is also compellingly reflected in the tale of persecution presented by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaids Tale and the dystopian society of Gilead. Unlike other dystopian novels and actual historical events, however, Atwood introduces a new persecutedRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesthe id, ego, and superego. When examined using this theory, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, a dystopian novel about a patriarchal totalitarian government that has replaced the United States of America, is particularly interesting. The story’s protagonist and narrator is a woman referred to as Offred, who lives in the fairly new Republic of Gilead which has taken the place of the United States. She is what is known as a Handmaid; alarmingly low reproductive rates led to young women whomRead MoreWhat Analysis of the Female Role Does Atwood Offer in The Handmaids Tale?2016 Words   |  9 Pages The Handmaids Tale is set in the early twentieth century in the futuristic Republic of Gilead, formerly the United States of America. The Republic has been founded by a Christian response to declining birthrates. The government rules using biblical teachings that have been distorted to justify the inhumane practices. In Gilead, women are categorized by their age, marital status and fertility. Men are categorised by their age. Women all have separate roles in society, and although these rolesRead MoreRelationship Between Men and Women: Jane Eyre and The Handmaids Tale1775 Words   |  8 Pagesthe vantage point of her position as governess much like Jane’s. Margaret Atwood’s novel was written during a period of conservative revival in the West partly fueled by a strong, well-organized movement of religious conservatives who criticized ‘the excesses of the sexual revolution.’ Where Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre is a clear depiction of the subjugation of women by men in nineteenth-century Western culture, Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale explores the consequences of a reversal of women’s rights by menRead MoreDystopian Novels901 Words   |  4 PagesJulia give in to Big Brother, the leader of the Party, and comply with the government once again. Winston and Julia were lucky; they kept their lives, just not their beliefs. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, society has become dehumanized and focuses solely on human pleasure and stability with the help of science. A new technique called the Bokanovsky process creates children within test tubes and conditions them to fill a certain role within the community. This process removes the need for sex

Comparison Petrarchan and Shakespearean Sonnets - 1188 Words

Through the form of sonnet, Shakespeare and Petrarch both address the subject of love, yet there are key contrasts in their style, structure, and in the manner, each approaches their subjects. Moreover, in Sonnet 130, Shakespeare, in fact, parodies Petrarchs style and thoughts as his storyteller describes his mistress, whose eyes are in no way as the sun (Shakespeare 1918). Through his English poem, Shakespeare seems to mock the exaggerated descriptions expanded throughout Petrarch’s work by portraying the speaker’s love in terms that are characteristic of a flawed woman not a goddess. On the other hand, upon a review of Sonnet 292 from the Canzoniere, through â€Å"Introduction to Literature and Arts,† one quickly perceives that†¦show more content†¦With no discernible connection to different works by the creator, it is evident that this sonnet remains solitary, with no qualifications hinting at its circumstance. In his contention, Shakespeares narrato r symbolically paints a blemished picture of his companion. Shakespeares dialect in this piece is precise and factual, in opposition with Petrarchs, which romanticizes his subject and places her on a platform. The portrayal of the fancy woman is severe to the degree of slightly offensive. His style is comparative to Petrarchs, and Shakespeare appears to reflect that same custom of proclamation, contrasting his womans characteristics with the opulence of nature. Their likenesses part, however, in their method of portraying their subjects. Shakespeares story voice is exceptionally repressed and matter-of-fact. Shakespeare, in every line, reveals that every aspect of his companion fails to meet the excellence discovered in his characteristic correlations. Shakespeares storyteller deliberately works through the contention utilizing dialect to reflect Petrarchs style while giving a much less romanticized perspective of his subject. Until the viewer achieves the determination of Sonnet 130, it might not appear that this is an affection poem whatsoever. It is through the narrator’s pronunciation of his adoration for the woman during the determination that we uncover the speakerShow MoreRelatedShakespeares My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun Essay697 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun Many authors compose sonnets about women whom they loved. Most of these authors embellish their womens physical characteristics by comparing them to natural wonders that we, as humans, find beautiful. Shakespeares My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun contradicts this idea, by stating that his mistress lacks most of the qualities other men wrongly praise their women for possessing. Shakespeare presentsRead MoreA Critical Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 130 and Elizabeth Barrett-Brownings Sonnet 141342 Words   |  6 PagesPetrarchan sonnets are like all the other typical sonnets in the early sixteenth which consist of 14 verses in the poem and 10 syllables per line. In comparison, they all instigate the traditional theme of love where women were admired and sometimes worshipped in order to express deep love that emissaries her beauty. However, Petrarchan sonnet could not said be too congruent to sixteenth style of writing sonnets. Nevertheless, they share identical theme in the sonnets which is the traditionalRead MoreThe Love Of Another Is Not An Original Subject For Poetry1603 Words   |  7 Pagesanother is not an original subject for poetry. However, this age-old theme is expressed through the style of Petrarchan love in the poems Love, that doth reign and live within my thought and Astrophil and Stella 1. Love, that doth reign and live within my thought, was written by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in the mid-sixteenth century (Greenblatt and Logan 386). Sidney wrote his series of sonnets entitled Astrophil and Stella in 1580, describing his relationship with Penelope Devereux (Greenblatt andRead MoreSonnets By Billy Collins : The Antihero Of Sonnet1770 Words   |  8 PagesIn 2010 Billy Collins writes Sonnet, a piece of literary work I consider to be the antihero of sonnets. Collins ironically follows neit her the constructs of a Shakespearean nor Petrarchan Sonnet throughout. He also creatively breathes new life into a strict art form while rejecting the historical rules a sonnet must follow in this work. Upon further review of Sonnet, it becomes clear that this deliberate rule breaking is a skilled nod side-step to historic norms and a promotion of a new age ofRead MoreAnalysis of Anthem for Doomed Youth1382 Words   |  6 Pagesloved ones they leave behind. The following essay will show that in the anti-war poem, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, Owen uses sensational description to evoke the anger that he feels within his readers. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is a Petrarchan sonnet, with an octave and a sestet written mostly in Iambic Pentameter. Owen does include variations in this form, such as line 1 which has eleven syllables and line 3 which contains Trochee and is not pure Iamb. These variations in the form workRead MoreCritical Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 1301111 Words   |  5 PagesCritical analysis of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 compares the speaker’s lover to a number of other beauties—and never in the lover’s favor. Her eyes are â€Å"nothing like the sun,† her lips are less red than coral; compared to white snow, her breasts are dun-colored, and her hairs are like black wires on her head. In the second quatrain, the speaker says he has seen roses separated by color (â€Å"damasked†) into red and white, but he sees no such roses in his mistress’s cheeks; andRead MoreDescription of Different Feelings in Sonnets Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesDescription of Different Feelings in Sonnets In this essay, I am going to look in detail at three sonnets showing very different feelings. I will show all the main features and try to explain what the writers were trying to show and underline in there sonnets. Each of the three sonnets I have chosen are by different writers and also from different centuries, I have decided to look at ‘God’s Grandeur’ by G.M Hopkins, ‘Death be Not Proud’ by John Donne and also ‘ShallRead MoreAspects of Poetry931 Words   |  4 Pagesand a sonnet, and will make it easier to absorb all of the components involved. First we will start with a sonnet. Let’s start by talking about just what a sonnet is. â€Å"Before Shakespeare’s day, the word â€Å"sonnet† meant simply â€Å"little song,† i.e., a short lyric poem† (poetry.about.com, 2010). By the 1200’s, the sonnet had come to be known as a form of poetry that is comprised of 14 lines. The first type of sonnet was the Italian version, also known as the Petrarchan sonnet. The Italian sonnet is separatedRead More Sonnet 721044 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? amp;#9;amp;#9;a Thou art more lovely and more temperate:amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;a And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;b Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shinesamp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;c And often is his gold complexion dimmed,amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;amp;#9;dRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Gold Hair And Black Wires 1583 Words   |  7 PagesGold Hair and Black Wires: Uses of Poetic Convention in Petrarca and Shakespeare While specifics within the sonnet genre have changed across time and traditions, the sonnet remains the most popular poetic form used in love poetry. The conventions of sonnets vary widely within the two most predominant traditions, the Italian and the Elizabethan, but are utilized by the love poem genre to play with similar themes of perfected love and beauty. Both styles are fourteen line poems which follow a strict

Streams of Silver 3. Night Life Free Essays

The Cutlass grew busier as the night wore on. Merchant sailors crowded in from their ships and the locals were quick into position to feed upon them. Regis and Wulfgar remained at the side table, the barbarian wide-eyed with curiosity at the sights around him, and the halfling intent on cautious observation. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver 3. Night Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regis recognized trouble in the form of a woman sauntering toward them. Not a young woman, and with the haggard appearance all too familiar on the dockside, but her gown, quite revealing in every place that a lady’s gown should not be, hid all her physical flaws behind a barrage of suggestions. The look on Wulfgar’s face, his chin nearly level with the table, Regis thought, confirmed the halfling’s fears. â€Å"Well met, big man,† the woman purred, slipping comfortably into the chair next to the barbarian. Wulfgar looked at Regis and nearly laughed out loud in disbelief and embarrassment. â€Å"You are not from Luskan,† the woman went on. â€Å"Nor do you bear the appearance of any merchants now docked in port. Where are you from?† â€Å"The north,† Wulfgar stammered. â€Å"The dale†¦Icewind.† Regis hadn’t seen such boldness in a woman since his years in Calimport, and he felt that he should intervene. There was something wicked about such women, a perversion of pleasure that was too extraordinary. Forbidden fruit made easy. Regis suddenly found himself homesick for Calimport. Wulfgar would be no match for the wiles of this creature. â€Å"We are poor travelers,† Regis explained, emphasizing the â€Å"poor† in an effort to protect his friend. â€Å"Not a coin left, but with many miles to go.† Wulfgar looked curiously at his companion, not quite understanding the motive behind the lie. The woman scrutinized Wulfgar once again and smacked her lips. â€Å"A pity,† she groaned, and then asked Regis, â€Å"Not a coin?† Regis shrugged helplessly. â€Å"A pity it is,† the woman repeated, and she rose to leave. Wulfgar’s face blushed a deep red as he began to comprehend the true motives behind the meeting. Something stirred in Regis, as well. A longing for the old days, running in Calimport’s bowery, tugged at his heart beyond his strength to resist. As the woman started past him, he grabbed her elbow. â€Å"Not a coin,† he explained to her inquiring face, â€Å"but this.† He pulled the ruby pendant out from under his coat and set it dangling at the end of its chain. The sparkles caught the woman’s greedy eye at once and the magical gemstone sucked her into its hypnotic entrancement. She sat down again, this time in the chair closest to Regis, her eyes never leaving the depths of the wondrous, spinning ruby. Only confusion prevented Wulfgar from erupting in outrage at the betrayal, the blur of thoughts and emotions in his mind showing themselves as no more than a blank stare. Regis caught the barbarian’s look, but shrugged it away with his typical penchant for dismissing negative emotions, such as guilt. Let the morrow’s dawn expose his ploy for what it was; the conclusion did not diminish his ability to enjoy this night. â€Å"Luskan’s night bears a chill wind,† he said to the woman. She put a hand on his arm. â€Å"We’ll find you a warm bed, have no fear.† The halfling’s smile nearly took in his ears. Wulfgar had to catch himself from falling off of his chair. * * * Bruenor regained his composure quickly, not wanting to insult Whisper, or to let her know that his surprise in finding a woman gave her a bit of an advantage over him. She knew the truth, though, and her smile left Bruenor even more flustered. Selling information in a setting as dangerous as Luskan’s dockside meant a constant dealing with murderers and thieves, and even within the structure of an intricate support network it was a job that demanded a hardened hide. Few who sought Whisper’s services could hide their obvious surprise at finding a young and alluring woman practising such a trade. Bruenor’s respect for the informant did not diminish, though, despite his surprise, for the reputation Whisper had earned had come to him across hundreds of miles. She was still alive, and that fact alone told the dwarf that she was formidable. Drizzt was considerably less taken aback by the discovery. In the dark cities of the drow elves, females normally held higher stations than males, and were often more deadly. Drizzt understood the advantage Whisper carried over male clients who tended to underestimate her in the male-dominated societies of the dangerous northland. Anxious to get this business finished and get back on the road, the dwarf came straight to the purpose of the meeting. â€Å"I be needing a map,† he said, â€Å"and been told that yerself was the one to get it.† â€Å"I possess many maps,† the woman replied coolly. â€Å"One of the north,† Bruenor explained. â€Å"From the sea to the desert, and rightly naming the places in the ways o’ what races live there!† Whisper nodded. â€Å"The price shall be high, good dwarf,† she said, her eyes glinting at the mere notion of gold. Bruenor tossed her a small pouch of gems. â€Å"This should pay for yer trouble,† he growled, never pleased to be relieved of money. Whisper emptied the contents into her hand and scrutinized the rough stones. She nodded as she slipped them back into the pouch, aware of their considerable value. â€Å"Hold!† Bruenor squawked as she began to tie the pouch to her belt. â€Å"Ye’ll be taking none o’ me stones till I be seeing the map!† â€Å"Of course,† the woman replied with a disarming smile. â€Å"Wait here. I shall return in a short while with the map you desire.† She tossed the pouch back to Bruenor and spun about suddenly, her cloak snapping up and carrying a gust of the fog with it. In the flurry, there came a sudden flash, and the woman was gone. Bruenor jumped back and grabbed at his axe handle. â€Å"What sorcerous treachery is this?† he cried. Drizzt, unimpressed, put a hand on the dwarf’s shoulder. â€Å"Calm, mighty dwarf,† he said. â€Å"A minor trick and no more, masking her escape in the fog and the flash.† He pointed toward a small pile of boards. â€Å"Into that sewer drain.† Bruenor followed the line of the drow’s arm and relaxed. The lip of an open hole was barely visible, its grate leaning against the warehouse wall a few feet farther down the alley. â€Å"Ye know these kind better than meself, elf,† the dwarf stated, flustered at his lack of experience in handling the rogues of a city street. â€Å"Does she mean to bargain fair, or do we sit here, set up for her thievin’ dogs to plunder?† â€Å"No to both,† answered Drizzt. â€Å"Whisper would not be alive if she collared clients for thieves. But I would hardly expect any arrangement she might strike with us to be a fair bargain.† Bruenor took note that Drizzt had slipped one of his scimitars free of its sheath as he spoke. â€Å"Not a trap, eh?† the dwarf asked again, indicating the readied weapon. â€Å"By her people, no,† Drizzt replied. â€Å"But the shadows conceal many other eyes.† * * * More eyes than just Wulfgar’s had fallen upon the halfling and the woman. The hardy rogues of Luskan’s dockside often took great sport in tormenting creatures of less physical stature, and halflings were among their favorite targets. This particular evening, a huge, overstuffed man with furry eyebrows and beard bristles that caught the foam from his ever-full mug dominated the conversation at the bar, boasting of impossible feats of strength and threatening everybody around him with a beating if the flow of ale slowed in the least. All of the men gathered around him at the bar, men who knew him, or of him, nodded their heads in enthusiastic agreement with his every word, propping him up on a pedestal of compliments to dispel their own fears of him. But the fat man’s ego needed further sport, a new victim to cow, and as his gaze floated around the perimeter of the tavern, it naturally fell upon Regis and his large, but obviously young friend. The spectacle of a halfling wooing the highest priced lady at the Cutlass presented an opportunity too tempting for the fat man to ignore. â€Å"Here now, pretty lady,† he slobbered, ale spouting with every word. â€Å"Think the likes of a half-a-man’ll make the night for ye?† The crowd around the bar, anxious to keep in the fat man’s high regard, exploded into overzealous laughter. The woman had dealt with this man before and she had seen others fall painfully before him. She tossed him a concerned look, but remained firmly tied to the pull of the ruby pendant. Regis, though, immediately looked away from the fat man, turning his attention to where he suspected the trouble most likely would begin – to the other side of the table and Wulfgar. He found his worries justified. The proud barbarian’s knuckles whitened from the grasp he had on the table, and the seething look in his eye told Regis that he was on the verge of exploding. â€Å"Let the taunts pass!† Regis insisted. â€Å"This is not worth a moment of your time!† Wulfgar didn’t relax a bit, his glare never releasing his adversary. He could brush away the fat man’s insults, even those cutting at Regis and the woman. But Wulfgar understood the motivation behind those insults. Through exploitation of his less-able friends, Wulfgar was being challenged by the bully. How many others had fallen victim to this hulking slob? he wondered. Perhaps it was time for the fat man to learn some humility. Recognizing some potential for excitement, the grotesque bully came a few steps closer. â€Å"There, move a bit, half-a-man,† he demanded, waving Regis aside. Regis took a quick inventory of the tavern’s patrons. Surely there were many, in here who might jump in for his cause against the fat man and his obnoxious cronies. There was even a member of the official city guard, a group held in high respect in every section of Luskan. Regis interrupted his scan for a moment and looked at the soldier. How out of place the man seemed in a dog-infested spittoon like the Cutlass. More curious still, Regis knew the man as Jierdan, the soldier at the gate who had recognized Drizzt and had arranged for them to pass into the city just a couple of hours earlier. The fat man came a step closer, and Regis didn’t have time to ponder the implications. Hands on hips, the huge blob stared down at him. Regis felt his heart pumping, the blood coursing through his veins, as it always did in this type of on-the-edge confrontation that had marked his days in Calimport. And now, like then, he had every intention of finding a way to run away. But his confidence dissipated when he remembered his companion. Less experienced, and Regis would be quick to say, â€Å"less wise!† Wulfgar would not let the challenge go unanswered. One spring of his long legs easily carried him over the table and placed him squarely between the fat man and Regis. He returned the fat man’s ominous glare with equal intensity. The fat man glanced to his friends at the bar, fully aware that his proud young opponent’s distorted sense of honor would prevent a first strike. â€Å"Well, look ye here,† he laughed, his lips turned back in drooling anticipation, â€Å"seems the young one has a thing to say.† He started slowly to turn back on Wulfgar, then lunged suddenly for the barbarian’s throat, expecting that his change in tempo would catch Wulfgar by surprise. But although he was inexperienced in the ways of taverns, Wulfgar understood battle. He had trained with Drizzt Do’Urden, an ever-alert warrior, and had toned his muscles to their sharpest fighting edge. Before the fat man’s hands ever came near his throat, Wulfgar had snapped one of his own huge paws over his opponent’s face and had driven the other into the fat man’s groin. His stunned opponent found himself rising into the air. For a moment, onlookers were too amazed to react at all, except for Regis, who slapped a hand across his own disbelieving face and inconspicuously slid under the table. The fat man outweighed three average men, but the barbarian brought him up easily over the top of his seven-foot frame, and even higher, to the full extension of his arms. Howling in helpless rage, the fat man, ordered his supporters to attack. Wulfgar watched patiently for the first move against him. The whole crowd seemed to jump at once. Keeping his calm, the trained warrior searched out the tightest concentration, three men, and launched the human missile, noting their horrified expressions just before the waves of blubber rolled over them, blasting them backward. Then their combined momentum smashed an entire section of the bar from its supports, knocking the unfortunate innkeeper away and sending him crashing into the racks holding his finest wines. Wulfgar’s amusement was short-lived, for other ruffians were quickly upon him. He dug his heels in where he was, determined to keep his footing, and lashed out with his great fists, swatting his enemies aside, one by one, and sending them sprawling into the far corners of the room. Fighting erupted all around the tavern. Men who could not have been spurred to action if a murder had been committed at their feet sprang upon each other with unbridled rage at the horrifying sight of spilled booze and a broken bar. Few of the fat man’s supporters were deterred by the general row, though. They rolled in on Wulfgar, wave after wave. He held his ground well, for none could delay him long enough for their reinforcements to get in. Still, the barbarian was being hit as often as he was connecting with his own blows. He took the punches stoically, blocking out the pain through sheer pride and his fighting tenacity that simply would not allow him to lose. From his new seat under the table, Regis watched the action and sipped his drink. Even the barmaids were into it now, riding around on some unfortunate combatants’ backs, using their nails to etch intricate designs into the men’s faces. In fact, Regis soon discerned that the only other person in the tavern who wasn’t in the fight, other than those who were already unconscious, was Jierdan. The soldier sat quietly in his chair, unconcerned with the brawling beside him and interested only, it seemed, in watching and measuring Wulfgar’s prowess. This, too, disturbed the halfling, but once again he found that he didn’t have time to contemplate the soldier’s unusual actions. Regis had known from the start that he would have to pull his giant friend out of this, and now his alert eyes had caught the expected flash of steel. A rogue in the line directly behind Wulfgar’s latest opponents had drawn a blade. â€Å"Damn!† Regis muttered, setting down his drink and pulling his mace from a fold in his cloak. Such business always left a foul taste in his mouth. Wulfgar threw his two opponents aside, opening a path for the man with the knife. He charged forward, his eyes up and staring into those of the tall barbarian. He didn’t even notice Regis dart out from between Wulfgar’s long legs, the little mace poised to strike. It slammed into the man’s knee, shattering the kneecap, and sent him sprawling forward, blade exposed, toward Wulfgar. Wulfgar side-stepped the lunge at the last moment and clasped his hand over the hand of his assailant. Rolling with the momentum, the barbarian knocked aside the table and slammed into the wall. One squeeze crushed the assailant’s fingers on the knife hilt, while at the same time Wulfgar engulfed the man’s face with his free hand and hoisted him from the ground. Crying out to Tempus, the god of battle, the barbarian, enraged at the appearance of a weapon, slammed the man’s head through the wooden planks of the wall and left him dangling, his feet fully a foot from the floor. An impressive move, but it cost Wulfgar time. When he turned back toward the bar, he was buried under a flurry of fists and kicks from several attackers. * * * â€Å"Here she comes,† Bruenor whispered to Drizzt when he saw Whisper returning, though the drow’s heightened senses had told him of her coming long before the dwarf was aware of it. Whisper had only been gone a half-hour or so, but it seemed much longer to the two friends in the alley, dangerously open to the sights of the crossbowmen and other thugs they knew were nearby. Whisper sauntered confidently up to them. â€Å"Here is the map you desire,† she said to Bruenor, holding up a rolled parchment. â€Å"A look, then,† the dwarf demanded, starting forward. The woman recoiled and dropped the parchment to her side. â€Å"The price is higher,† she stated flatly. â€Å"Ten times what you have already offered.† Bruenor’s dangerous glare did not deter her. â€Å"No choice is left to you,† she hissed. â€Å"You shall find no other who can deliver this unto you. Pay the price and be done with it!† â€Å"A moment,† Bruenor said with sudden calm. â€Å"Me friend has a say in this.† He and Drizzt moved a step away. â€Å"She has discovered who we are,† the drow explained, though Bruenor had already come to the same conclusion. â€Å"And how much we can pay.† â€Å"Be it the map?† Bruenor asked. Drizzt nodded. â€Å"She would have no reason to believe that she is in any danger, not down here. Have you the money?† â€Å"Aye,† said the dwarf, â€Å"but our road is long yet, and I fear we’ll be needing what I’ve got and more.† â€Å"It is settled then,† Drizzt replied. Bruenor recognized the fiery gleam that flared up in the drow’s lavender eyes. â€Å"When first we met this woman, we struck a fair deal,† he went on. â€Å"A deal we shall honor.† Bruenor understood and approved. He felt the tingle of anticipation start in his blood. He turned back on the woman and noticed at once that she now held a dagger at her side instead of the parchment. Apparently she understood the nature of the two adventurers she was dealing with. Drizzt, also noticing the metallic glint, stepped back from Bruenor, trying to appear unmenacing to Whisper, though in reality, he wanted to get a better angle on some suspicious cracks that he had noticed in the wall – cracks that might be the edgings of a secret door. Bruenor approached the woman with his empty arms outstretched. â€Å"If that be the price,† he grumbled, â€Å"then we have no choice but to pay. But I’ll be seein’ the map first!† Confident that she could put her dagger into the dwarf’s eye before either of his hands could get back to his belt for a weapon, Whisper relaxed and moved her empty hand to the parchment under her cloak. But she underestimated her opponent. Bruenor’s stubby legs twitched, launching him up high enough to slam his helmet into the woman’s face, splattering her nose and knocking her head into the wall. He went for the map, dropping the original purse of gems onto Whisper’s limp form and muttering, â€Å"As we agreed.† Drizzt, too, had sprung into motion. As soon as the dwarf flinched, he had called upon the innate magic of his heritage to conjure a globe of darkness in front of the window harboring the crossbowmen. No bolts came through, but the angered shouts of the two archers echoed throughout the alley. Then the cracks in the wall split open, as Drizzt had anticipated, and Whisper’s second line of defense came rushing through. The drow was prepared, scimitars already in his hands. The blades flashed, blunt sides only, but with enough precision to disarm the burly rogue that stepped out. Then they came in again, slapping the man’s face, and in the same fluidity of motion, Drizzt reversed the angle, slamming one pommel, and then the other, into the man’s temples. By the time Bruenor had turned around with the map, the way was clear before them. Bruenor examined the drow’s handiwork with true admiration. Then a crossbow quarrel ticked into the wall just an inch from his head. â€Å"Time to go,† Drizzt observed. â€Å"The end’ll be blocked, or I’m a bearded gnome,† Bruenor said as they neared the exit to the alley. A growling roar in the building beside them, followed by terrified screams, brought them some comfort. â€Å"Guenhwyvar,† Drizzt stated, as two cloaked men burst out into the street before them and fled without looking back. â€Å"Sure that I’d forgotten all about that cat!† cried Bruenor. â€Å"Be glad that Guenhwyvar’s memory is greater than your own,† laughed Drizzt, and Bruenor, despite his feelings for the cat, laughed with him. They halted at the end of the alley and scouted the street. There were no signs of any trouble, though the heavy fog provided good cover for a possible ambush. â€Å"Take it slow,† Bruenor offered. â€Å"We’ll draw less attention.† Drizzt would have agreed, but then a second quarrel, launched from somewhere down the alley, knocked into a wooden beam between them. â€Å"Time to go!† Drizzt stated more decisively, though Bruenor needed no further encouragement, his little legs already pumping wildly as he sped off into the fog. They made their way through the twists and turns of Luskan’s rat maze, Drizzt gracefully gliding over any rubble barriers and Bruenor simply crashing through them. Presently, they grew confident that there was no pursuit, and they changed their pace to an easy glide. The white of a smile showed through the dwarf’s red beard as he kept a satisfied eye cocked over his shoulder. But when he turned back to view the road before him, he suddenly dove down to the side, scrambling to find his axe. He had come face up with the magical cat. Drizzt couldn’t contain his laughter. â€Å"Put the thing away!† Bruenor demanded. â€Å"Manners, good dwarf,† the drow shot back. â€Å"Remember that, Guenhwyvar cleared our escape trail.† â€Å"Put it away!† Bruenor declared again, his axe swinging at the ready. Drizzt stroked the powerful cat’s muscled neck. â€Å"Do not heed his words, friend,† he said to the cat. â€Å"He is a dwarf, and cannot appreciate the finer magics!† â€Å"Bah!† Bruenor snarled, though he breathed a bit easier as Drizzt dismissed the cat and replaced the onyx statue in his pouch. The two came upon Half-Moon Street a short while later, stopping in a final alley to look for any signs of ambush. They knew at once that there had been trouble, for several injured men stumbled, or were carried, past the alley’s entrance. Then they saw the Cutlass, and two familiar forms sitting on the street out in front. â€Å"What’re ye doin’ out here?† Bruenor asked as they approached. â€Å"Seems our big friend answers insults with punches,† said Regis, who hadn’t been touched in the fray. Wulfgar’s face, though, was puffy and bruised, and he could barely open one eye. Dried blood, some of it his own, caked his fists and clothes. Drizzt and Bruenor looked at each other, not too surprised. â€Å"And our rooms?† Bruenor grumbled. Regis shook his head. â€Å"I doubt it.† â€Å"And my coins?† Again the halfling shook his head. â€Å"Bah!† snorted Bruenor, and he stamped off toward the door of the Cutlass. â€Å"I wouldn’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Regis started, but then he shrugged and decided to let Bruenor find out for himself. Bruenor’s shock was complete when he opened the tavern door. Tables, glass, and unconscious patrons lay broken all about the floor. The innkeeper slumped over one part of the shattered bar, a barmaid wrapping his bloodied head in bandages. The man Wulfgar had implanted into the wall still hung limply by the back of his head, groaning softly, and Bruenor couldn’t help but chuckle at the handiwork of the mighty barbarian. Every now and then, one of the barmaids, passing by the man as she cleaned, gave him a little push, taking amusement at his swaying. â€Å"Good coins wasted,† Bruenor surmised, and he walked back out the door before the innkeeper noticed him and set the barmaids upon him. â€Å"Hell of a row!† he told Drizzt when he returned to his companions. â€Å"Everyone in on it?† â€Å"All but one,† Regis answered. â€Å"A soldier.† â€Å"A soldier of Luskan, down here?† asked Drizzt, surprised by the obvious inconsistency. Regis nodded. â€Å"And even more curious,† he continued, â€Å"it was the same guard, Jierdan, that let us into the city.† Drizzt and Bruenor exchanged concerned looks. â€Å"We’ve killers at our backs, a busted inn before us, and a soldier paying us more mind than he should,† said Bruenor. â€Å"Time to go,† Drizzt responded for the third time. Wulfgar looked at him incredulously. â€Å"How many men did you down tonight?† Drizzt asked him, putting the logical assumption of danger right out before him. â€Å"And how many of them would drool at the opportunity to put a blade in your back?† â€Å"Besides,† added Regis before Wulfgar could answer, â€Å"I’ve no desire to share a bed in an alley with a host of rats!† â€Å"Then to the gate,† said Bruenor. Drizzt shook his head. â€Å"Not with a guard so interested in us. Over the wall, and let none know of our passing.† * * * An hour later, they were trotting easily across the open grass, feeling the wind again beyond the break of Luskan’s wall. Regis summed up their thoughts, saying, â€Å"Our first night in our first city, and we’ve betrayed killers, fought down a host of ruffians, and caught the attention of the city guard. An auspicious beginning to our journey!† â€Å"Aye, but we’ve got this!† cried Bruenor, fairly bursting with anticipation of finding his homeland now that the first obstacle, the map, had been overcome. Little did he or his friends know, however, that the map he clutched so dearly detailed several deadly regions, one in particular that would test the four friends to their limits – and beyond. How to cite Streams of Silver 3. Night Life, Essay examples

Narayans Swami and Friends free essay sample

A novelist of all humanity R. K. Narayan’s novels are like a box of Indian sweets: a highly-coloured container conceals a range of delectable treats, all di? erent in a subtle way, but each one clearly from the same place. There are fourteen novels in the oeuvre – enough to create a world. Enthusiasts of his work will read them all and return to them time and again. The busy, or the less committed, may open the box and take out one at random – it does not really matter which order one reads them in. But be warned: the consumption of one leads to a strong craving for more. Narayan’s life spanned the twentieth century, which meant that he belonged both to an old world and a new. At the time of his birth in , the British Raj, that astonishing imperial conceit, was ? rmly in place, as were those iron-clad notions of caste that were to prove so di? cult to shrug o?. The British presence in India had brought with it a large civil service, an educational system, and railways – to all of which institutions the people of the subcontinent took with enthusiasm. But it had also brought with it a language, and the literature which that language created, and it is this which proved a most productive legacy. The British took English to India and the Indians gave back a literary tradition which continues to delight and enrich us to this day. Contemporary writers such as Vikram Seth, Rohinton Mistry, or Anita Desai, whose novels have given such pleasure to readers in Europe and North America, stand rooted in a tradition which R. K. Narayan, as one of the earlier Indian novelists to write in English, did a great deal to establish. Although Narayan did not draw attention to his personal life, he did write a memoir, My Days, which tells us a great deal about his boyhood years and the inception and development of his literary career. His childhood was fairly typical of that of a middle-class boy of the time. His father was the headmaster vii R. K. NARAYAN of a school, a somewhat stern ? gure in his professional life, and this connection with the world of education is very much apparent in the earlier novels, where schools, colleges, and the whole business of becoming educated play a major role. His father’s job required mobility, and Narayan spent a number of childhood years living with his grandmother in Madras. Eventually, though, he joined his parents in Mysore, where he attended the school presided over by his father. He became a voracious reader, wading through the books and magazines which arrived on his father’s desk for the school library. As he wrote in My Days: My father did not mind our taking away whatever we wanted to read – provided we put them back on his desk without spoiling them, as they had to be placed on the school’s reading-room table on Monday morning. So our week-end reading was full and varied. We could dream over the advertisement pages in the Boys’ Own Paper or the Strand Magazine. Through the Strand we made the acquaintance of all English writers: Conan Doyle, Wodehouse, W. W. Jacobs, Arnold Bennett, and every English ? ction writer worth the name . . . Through Harper’s and the Atlantic, and American Mercury we attained glimpses of the New World and its writers. This sense of distance, of being a participant in a culture and yet not being of it, is a familiar feature of the literature of what is now the British Commonwealth and it is vividly portrayed in Narayan’s novels. Colonialism hurt and damaged those subjected to it, but it would be inaccurate to portray the process as being a simple matter of subjugation and humiliation; it was far more complex than that. The writer in the colonized country tended to soak up the culture of the colonial power and feel a familiarity and some a? ection for it, even though the experience of colonialism may have demoralized and destabilized his own colonized culture. This damage, although it may later be seen for what it is, is passed over: in his mind he is a member-in-waiting of a broader community of letters. His aspirations, though, are likely to be dashed; his yearning unful? lled. Although he may not realize it, the metropolitan culture is largely indi? erent to him and his world: the literary circles after which he yearns are distant, impossibly out of reach. Of course, the conquest is feasible, and literary doors viii INTRODUCTION may open. Narayan himself made it, as did others, although some did so by leaving the culture in which they had been brought up. Narayan remained in India – an Indian writer who was happy to be read by those outside India but who remained ? rmly within the world into which he had been born. The young Narayan was not a great scholar. Having failed his university entrance examinations, he spent a year reading and writing before he eventually succeeded in being admitted to the BA course at Maharaja’s College. During this year he acquired a copy of a book called How to Sell your Manuscripts and started to send his literary e? orts o? to magazines in London. He met with no success, encountering for the ? rst time those pieces of paper so familiar, and yet so devastating, to the aspiring writer – the printed rejection slip. In due course he completed his studies and graduated as a Bachelor of Arts. There then followed various attempts by his father and others to secure him a position. These were mostly unsuccessful, although they eventually bore fruit in the shape of a teaching post where he was immediately required to teach Tennyson’s Morte d’Arthur to a class of burly and uncooperative boys who had no interest in poetry. His teaching career was a dismal failure and shortly afterwards he walked out of the school and returned home. That was that: he would become a writer. How many have made that decision, and how many have failed. And how many aspiring writers have written their ? rst novel in the belief that it is ?  ction, only to discover that it is really about them, and, quite commonly, about their childhood. Swami and Friends, Narayan’s ? rst novel, is a novel of boyhood which draws heavily on his own experiences. Narayan sent the typescript to a series of publishers in London and became accustomed to having it returned at regular intervals. He expe rienced similar rejection with the short stories which he was now writing, although he eventually succeeded in his ambition to get into print abroad when a piece he wrote for Punch magazine in London was accepted and produced a handsome fee of six guineas. Narayan was to use this small measure of success to persuade his future father-in-law that the ?nancial prospects of a writer were not entirely gloomy. But he needed more than this: the ix R. K. NARAYAN unsuitability of his horoscope was seen by his intended bride’s family as being a major drawback to a possible match, and it was only after lengthy discussions that the marriage was able to go ahead. Narayan’s personal experience of the vagaries of matrimonial astrology was later re? ected in the highly amusing account of astrological discussions in his second novel, The Bachelor of Arts. Now married, Narayan began to earn a living as a journalist. Swami and Friends was still doing the rounds in London, with no success, and in desperation he wrote to a friend in Oxford, advising him that if the manuscript were to be returned to him from the publisher who was then considering it, he should weigh it down with a stone and throw it in the Thames. Fortunately the friend ignored this instruction and continued to show the manuscript to prospective publishers. Eventually he showed it to Graham Greene, who was then living in Oxford, and asked him to read it. It sat on Greene’s desk for some weeks and then eventually, in one of those moments of great good fortune which occur from time to time in literary history, Greene was su? ciently excited by the book to recommend and secure its publication in October . The publication of a ? rst novel is one thing, security in the literary world is another. Swami and Friends was well-reviewed, but was not a commercial success. In the years that followed, Narayan had to seek a variety of di? erent publishers, and it was to be some time before his reputation was secured amongst a wide international audience. His personal circumstances were also sometimes di? cult. In his wife, Rajam, died of typhoid. Narayan was devastated. In My Days he wrote: I have described this part of my experience of her sickness and death in The English Teacher so fully that I do not, and perhaps cannot, go over it again. More than any other book, The English Teacher is autobiographical in content, very little part of it being ? ction . . . The toll that typhoid took and all the desolation that followed, with a child to look after, and the psychic adjustments, are based on my own experience. After the publication of his fourth novel, The English Teacher, in , Narayan’s writing entered a period of greater maturity x INTRODUCTION and con? dence. The autobiographical element which had been so obvious in his earlier writing became less prominent, allowing him to develop his characters more freely. With the growing critical success of his novels in the West, he began to lead the life of the successful literary ? gure both in India and abroad. He travelled widely and, in time, was showered with honours. He did not leave his accustomed milieu, though, which was Mysore, where he built himself a house, went for rambling and talkative walks, and savoured the quotidian pursuits of life, including agriculture, which he studied with interest. In he was appointed to membership of the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. His inaugural speech there was on the subject of Indian children. Children, he said, were being deprived of time to play or to look at birds and trees. In he died. His mind was clear to the end, and on his death-bed he spoke of his desire to write another novel. This was the man who had confessed to friends: ‘I have become lazy since I entered my nineties. ’ Narayan’s novels are sometimes described as simple. The prose is indeed limpid, the descriptions clear, and the emphasis is on direct and intelligible storytelling, invoking a cast of vivid characters. To the modern reader, accustomed to arti? ce and allusion, this may give the books a slightly dated feel, and yet it is this quality of simplicity and directness which makes them such ? ne works of art. Narayan is a storyteller ?  rst and foremost, a characteristic which puts him in the company of the great nineteenth-century novelists as well as those twentiethcentury writers, such as Somerset Maugham, who believed that the novelist’s business is to narrate. His storytelling, though, sometimes has a somewhat rambling ? avour, with plots that can wander and which sometimes betray an absence of resolution. But this is not necessarily a ? aw: real lives are often aimless and unresolved, and when we read of such lives in literature we are quick to recognize their authenticity. There is nothing false in the world which Narayan creates – quite the opposite, in fact: these novels convey the taste and texture of India with a vividness which strikes the reader as utterly true. Even those who have no ? rst-hand experience of India will xi R. K. NARAYAN feel that what they experience in reading these books is a taste of the real place. The favoured setting of Narayan’s novels is Malgudi, an imaginary town which he describes as having ‘swum into view’ when he sat down to write Swami and Friends. Malgudi provides the strong sense of place which su? uses these books. This is India distilled – an urban India, but one in which a hinterland of jungle, of small villages, of wide plains is still present. When we read about Malgudi we feel we are there, and this powerful impression is created not by detailed descriptions of the countryside or buildings, but by the characters themselves and the suggestive nature of their thought and their speech. It is the voice which is distinctive here. It is a voice which is rooted in a world-view quite di? erent from that which we will encounter in, say, a modern novel located in North America or Western Europe. This voice is sensitive to a distinctive tradition in which the accumulated beliefs and social practices of centuries inform the smallest act. It is a wholly di? erent way of looking at the world. The four novels in this volume form the ? rst phase of Narayan’s career as a novelist. In them we see the author working through a number of concerns which, as a young man, were very much on his mind. These include boyhood (Swami and Friends), education and the ? nding of a role in life (The Bachelor of Arts), and marriage (The Dark Room and The English Teacher). In these early novels, we also see the development of Narayan as a writer, as he makes his way to the more mature and con? dent vision of the later novels. Swami and Friends is episodic in nature, which is exactly what the life of a young boy tends to be. Boys on the whole do not to have a long-term plan; they live for the moment, act on impulse, they pursue new enthusiasms and abandon old. Boyhood friendships, though, can persist, even if they may be tempestuous and competitive. The portrayal of Swami’s relationship with Rajam, the son of a senior police o?  cer, reveals how posturing and social embarrassment can loom large in the dealings a boy has with his friends. So many of us can remember the strength of that childhood feeling that our friends have more impressive xii INTRODUCTION parents, houses, cars, than we do. Narayan paints a deft picture of that particular anxiety. In Swami and Friends we are given an early sight of the humour which runs through Narayan’s novels. One of the features of British colonialism was the export of cricket, a game which strikes North Americans as being opaque and slowmoving. But at the time that Swami was written, cricket was more than just a sport – it stood, quite absurdly, for the whole ethos of an empire. Thus although we see Swami raised to heights of indignation by a political orator who laments the passivity of his countrymen which has allowed them to be dominated by an alien power, when it comes to cricket the boy is su? ciently enthusiastic to spend some time trying to explain what the game is all about to his aged grandmother. This comic scene, like so much of Narayan’s humour, has a strong poignancy to it. The grandmother represents the old India, a world in which cricket is not played. Her ignorance of the rules is a vivid metaphor for the extent to which the old and the new India are di? erent worlds. The cricket episode also allows Narayan to portray the naive aspirations of the boys. This is a familiar theme in many of his works, where so many of the characters are striving for something which is often just beyond their grasp. Narayan’s second novel, The Bachelor of Arts, again contains autobiographical elements but is much more satisfying in its structure than Swami. Chandran, the protagonist of this novel, is a typical Narayan hero – he is modest, slightly at odds with his surroundings, and engaged in a search. The search in this case is for freedom, and it takes place in the face of all the constraints which the Hindu family and wider Indian society can place in the way of a young man eager to ? nd himself. It is in this novel that we see one of Narayan’s main preoccupations come to the fore. This is marriage, and the complexities that Indian marriage involved and, indeed, still involves. Contemporary Westerners are sometimes astounded by the sheer fuss involved in an Indian marriage. In particular, the elaborate negotiations and the very large sums of money spent on celebrations impress outsiders, especially those who are accustomed to relatively informal weddings. The traditional xiii R. K. NARAYAN Hindu marriage, however, is an altogether di? erent thing from the typical arrangements of a Western couple: it involves the families on both sides, who are strongly interested in the suitability of the other side for a union. This means that the young man or young woman who nurtures hopes of a love-match, detached from considerations of social position or caste, may be heading for a major confrontation with family members who have very di? erent ideas. The Bachelor of Arts tells of a young man whose views of life, including marriage, are more ‘modern’ than those of his family. His relatives are immersed in the traditional beliefs of their religion: marriage is not a matter of personal choice, but something that is divinely ordained. As Chandran’s mother points out to her son: ‘It is all a matter of fate . You can marry only the person whom you are destined to marry and at the appointed time. When the time comes, let her be the ugliest girl, she willlook all right to the destined eye. ’ And in a letter which he writes to Chandran’s father, the intended bride’s own father says: ‘. . . we can only propose. He on the Thirupathi Hills alone knows what is best for us. ’ When Chandran’s horoscope is found to involve incompatibilities with that of the girl whom he wishes to marry, the full force of this fatalistic view of human a? airs comes home to him. What can a young man do in such circumstances other than give in or defy the convictions of everybody about him? And the prospect of revolt defeats Chandran, who is ultimately drawn back into the world of family and tradition, even although he does succeed in negotiating for himself a certain freedom. This process of selfexploration, challenge, and ? nally reconciliation is a familiar theme in Narayan’s ? ction. In a sense it mirrors Narayan’s own life as a man whose vision and understanding transported him beyond the rigid beliefs and practices of his society but never took him away from that society. And that central message – that we can be ourselves to an extent but that we all need to be anchored in society – is really a very attractive feature of these novels. Ultimately we feel comfortable and secure in reading Narayan because we detect in his work a resolution, an acceptance that we ourselves need in our own lives. If there is a great deal of light and freedom in these two xiv INTRODUCTION charming early novels, then in his third novel, The Dark Room, we enter graver, more disturbing territory. The portrait of this domestic tyrant is a compelling one, and we are also appalled, but fascinated, by the coquettish Shanta Bai, with whom he starts an a? air. The conduct of this a? air is beautifully described as Narayan directs his gaze at the shoddiness and deception of the o? ce romance. At the end of the day the patient Savitri, driven to an attempt at suicide as the only way out of her intolerable situation, returns to the matrimonial home and her unapologetic husband, defeated by centuries of custom. Hers is an awful fate, and although the position of women in traditional societies has improved, we might leave this book remembering that there are many women for whom this story would still ring very true. Marriage again plays a central role in The English Teacher. Narayan lost his wife to typhoid, and that is what happens to the central character, Krishna, in this novel. It is very sad, and very painful – just as it must have been for him in real life. The grief here is described with great tenderness, in passages that are quite haunting in their simplicity. The prose is like a funeral bell: solemn and resonant. As in the earlier novels, the idea of acceptance looms large: ultimately the hero, Krishna, has to accept the fact of the loss of his wife and the loneliness that follows. He has fought against this brute fact by attempting to communicate with her through paranormal means, but this leads nowhere, in the same way as all the smoke and mirrors of the various mystic ? gures who parade through Malgudi seem ultimately to lead nowhere. R. K. Narayan is a much beloved novelist, and for very good reason. Although the books in this volume were all written more than half a century ago, they are the freshest, the xv R. K. NARAYAN  most sparkling of gems. The struggle of the characters against social restrictions, their struggle to be something other than that which social destiny appears to be forcing them to be, are struggles with which we can all identify to a greater or lesser extent. As Samuel Johnson observed, many people waste part of their lives trying to be something they are not. Even tually, of course, they may come to realize what they really are, and if that happens to be a citizen of a small town, rather like Narayan’s Malgudi, bound up with neighbours and their concerns, sewn into a family and a nation, then there are very much worse fates than that. Alexander McCall Smith A M? C S is a professor of medical law at Edinburgh University. He was born in what is now known as Zimbabwe and taught law at the University of Botswana. He is the author of over ? fty books on a wide range of subjects, including the internationally bestselling novels of the No. ? Ladies Detective Agency series and the Sunday Philosophy Club series. He lives in Scotland. xvi

Affirmative Action2 essays

Affirmative Action2 essays I. We didnt land on Plymouth Rock, my brothers and sisters Plymouth Rock landed on us! Malcolm Xs observation is brought out by the facts of American History. Snatched from their native land, transported thousands of miles in a nightmare of disease and death and sold into slavery, blacks were reduced to the legal status of farm animals. Even after emancipation, blacks were segregated from whites in some states by law, and by social practice almost everywhere. American apartheid continued for another century. In 1954 the Supreme Court declared state-compelled segregation in schools unconstitutional, and it followed up that decision with others that struck down many forms of official segregation. Still, discrimination survived, and in most southern states blacks were either discouraged or prohibited from exercising their right to vote. Not until the 1960s was compulsory segregation finally and effectively challenged. Between 1964 and 1968 Congress passed the most sweeping civil rights legislation since the end of the Civil War. It banned discrimination in employment, public accommodations (hotels, motels, restaurants, etc.), and housing; it also guaranteed voting rights for blacks in areas suspected of disenfranchising blacks. Today, several agencies in the federal government exercise sweeping powers to enforce these civil rights measures. But is that enough? Equality of condition between blacks and whites seems as elusive as ever. The black unemployment rate is double that of whites, and the percentage of black families living in poverty is nearly four times that of whites. Only a small percentage of blacks ever make it into medical school or law schools. Advocates of affirmative action have focused upon these differences to support their argument that it is no longer enough just to stop discrimination. Liberal Democrats feel that ...

10 Reasons Dinosaurs Make Bad Pets

10 Reasons Dinosaurs Make Bad Pets It seems that everyone these days is keeping dinosaurs as pets, what with supermodels tugging tiny Microraptors on leashes and pro football players adopting full-grown Utahraptors as team mascots. But before you fill out the paperwork at your local dinosaur shelter, here are some things you may want to consider. (Dont agree? See 10 Reasons Dinosaurs Make Good Pets.) 1. Pet dinosaurs are expensive to feed. If you dont happen to have a Cycad Hut or Ginkgo Emporium in your neighborhood, you might find it difficult to scrounge up sufficient vegetable grub for your pet Apatosaurus (and your neighbors probably wont appreciate him eating the tops of their shrubs). And do you know how many cute, fuzzy mice, rabbits and Labrador Retrievers the average Deinonychus goes through every day? 2. Its virtually impossible to teach a dinosaur tricks. Believe me, its easier to train your cat to clean your windows than to teach the average dinosaur to sit, fetch or heel. Your pet Ankylosaurus will probably just sit there on the floor and stare at you dolefully, while your teenaged Spinosaurus eats the drapes from the top down. (With a little persistence, though, you might be able to teach a purebred Troodon to roll over.) 3. Dinosaurs create a lot of poop. Unless you live smack in the middle of a turnip farm, you may have a hard time disposing of the hundreds of pounds of poop the average Triceratops generates every day. Flushing it down the toilet isnt an option, and neither is using it for insulation in your attic. Some pet owners have experimented with creating kiln-dried dinosaur-poop furniture, with mixed results. 4. No veterinarian will want to de-claw your dinosaur. For liability reasons, most municipalities require you to trim the claws of any raptors, tyrannosaurs or allosaurs residing in your household. Good luck getting a vet to do thisand, if you do miraculously find someone willing to take on this task, even better luck stuffing your Gigantoraptor into your Honda Odyseey  and shlepping it to the clinic. 5. Your pet dinosaur will want to sleep in your bed. In the wild, dinosaurs are accustomed to hunkering down in rotting foliage, urine-soaked sand dunes and ash pits strewn with rotting carcasses. Thats why the average Styracosaurus will insist not only on sharing your mattress, but layering on every freshly washed duvet cover in the house and using your pillows as antler cozies. 6. Dinosaurs arent very good with children... As much as kids love dinosaurs, its unfair to expect the average Ceratosaurus to reciprocate that affection, especially since a well-fed five-year-old can supply a weeks worth of calories. Teenagers will have a slightly easier time of it; in any case, theyll put up more of a fight before being swallowed head-first. 7. ...or with other dinosaurs, for that matter. So youre looking forward to hauling your pet Majungatholus over the local dinosaur park and meeting that cute chick with the Archaeopteryx  popping out of her handbag. Well, bad news: the only thing dinosaurs hate more than children is other dinosaurs. Take your pet to the dog run instead, then sit back and watch the fun. 8. Dinosaur pet-sitters are hard to come by. Isnt it cute when your neighbors eight-year-old daughter drops by to pet your kitty, feed it kibble and scoop out the litterbox? Well, she might think twice about doing the same for your pet Therizinosaurus, especially given the mysterious disappearance of the last six pet-sitters you hired to do the job. 9. Most cities have very strict dinosaur leash laws. Unless you live in Seattle (for some reason, Seattle is very liberal about these kinds of things) you cant just saddle up your pet Centrosaurus and take it out onto the sidewalk. Flout the rules, and your municipalitys animal-control squad will gladly tug your pal over to the nearest dinosaur shelter, assuming they arent eaten first. 10. Pet dinosaurs take up a lot of room. As a general rule of thumb, the American Purebred Dinosaur Association (APDA) recommends at least 10 square feet of living space per pound of dinosaur. Thats not much of a problem for a 25-pound Dilophosaurus puppy, but it could be a deal breaker if you plan to adopt a full-grown Argentinosaurus, which will require its own aircraft hangar.

Foundation of lawwriter 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Foundation of lawwriter 1 - Essay Example s (1953) 1 QB 401, display of goods is a willingness to conduct business or commence negotiations thus is considered as an invitation to make an offer (Mulcahy 2008). Mulcahy (2008) points out that the law of contract requires a valid offer and acceptance. An offer is an expression of willingness to enter in to a contract with the intention of creating legal obligations upon acceptance. An offer has to be communicated since there can be no ‘meeting of the minds’ the offer is not communicated. In this case, Harry has made an offer of  £1,000. According to mirror image’ rule, the acceptance by Paul must be done according to the terms of the offer. The case of Day Morris Associates v. Voyce (2003) clarified that acceptance by either words or conduct of the other party gives rise to the inference that the offeree assents to the offeror’s terms thus a valid acceptance must be done according to the terms of the offer for a legally binding contract to be formed (Mulcahy 2008). In this case, Paul has not accepted the offer from Harry since he asserts that he will accept  £1,500 thus he has made a counter-offer that extingui shes the original offer by Harry. In this case, Harry is required to make a valid acceptance that mirrors the terms of the offer from Paul. According to the court of appeal in the case of Butler machine v. Ex-cell-o (1979) 1 WLR 401, the ‘last shot’ or last offer wins the ‘battle of forms’ in instances where one party makes an offer and the other makes a counter-offer (Stone and Quinn 2007). Generally, silence is not deemed an acceptance, and thus Harry requests for three days to think about the acceptance. Although Harry has requested for three days to think about the offer, Paul has not cancelled the offer. Accordingly, the power of acceptance does not terminate if it is qualified in form, but not in substance. Paul’s offer can only be terminated through acceptance, rejection, lapse of time, counter offer and revocation. According

The Fog of War Documentary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Fog of War Documentary - Research Paper Example As the discussion stresses  McNamara served as the president of World Bank between 1968 and 1981.The Public policy system analysis which later developed into the recent discipline referred to as policy analysis was instituted by McNamara. After the Second World War, he contributed into reestablishment of the Ford Motor Company while serving as its president before becoming Defense Secretary. He became the company’s director in 1957 and its president in 1960.He was then requested by President John F. Kennedy to abandon his position in the company and serve as the Defense Secretary of the United States. He also served as a member of the board of directors in various corporations as well as non-profit making organizations. He has written documents on several issues and topics like world hunger, nuclear arms, relationships between east and west, the environment, population and development.This essay declares that  the film provides an analysis of McNamara’s controversia l issues in the course of Vietnam War, his contributions during World War II, his upbringing and educational background at Berkeley and Harvard and finally, his service as the president of World Bank for a period of thirteen years. The subtitle of the film is â€Å"Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara†.  At the age of 85, Morris interviewed McNamara; the film was produced based upon that interview. In addition, the film contains television and new reports of 1960’s and cabinet photos during the reign of President Kennedy.... ysis of McNamara’s controversial issues in the course of Vietnam War, his contributions during World War II, his upbringing and educational background at Berkeley and Harvard and finally, his service as the president of World Bank for a period of thirteen years. The subtitle of the film is â€Å"Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara†. During his study, he did statistical analysis with the aim of improving bombing strategies during World War II. At the age of 85, Morris interviewed McNamara; the film was produced based upon that interview. In addition, the film contains television and new reports of 1960’s and cabinet photos during the reign of President Kennedy. Information was recorded during Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis, bombings of World War II, and air attacks against Vietnam to help in understanding what was going on during those periods. Some of the major contributions of McNamara are seen in the Vietnam War which caused deaths of over fif ty eight thousand Americans and 3.4 million Vietnam Citizens. Vietnam War was a conflict between the Northern part of the country under the support of communist countries against the southern part that was supported by the United States and other countries that were against the communist policy. The reasons for the United States’ engaging in the war was to prevent communism from further spreading while Vietnam government wanted to unify the country under a communist government (Morris 38). During World War II, McNamara acted as the commander under General Arch-hawk. He was among the group that came up with the decisions and bombed 67 cities in Japan during which large numbers of civilians were killed. For instance, in the city of Tokyo alone, more than one hundred thousand civilians died after the bombing

Patterns Within Systems Of Linear Equations

Patterns Within Systems Of Linear Equations The purpose of this report is to investigate systems of linear equations where the systems constants have mathematical patterns. The first system to be considered is a 2 x 2 system of linear of equations: In the first equation, the constants are 1, 2, and 3 in that order. It is observed that each constant is increased by 1 from the previous constant. Thus, the constants make up an arithmetic sequence whereby the first term ( U1 ) = 1, and the difference between each term ( d ) = 1. Hence, the general formula is Un = U1 + (n-1)(1) where n represents the nth term. U2 = U1 + (n-1)(d) U3 = U1 + (n-1)(d) 2 = 1 + (2-1)(1) 3 = 1 + (3-1)(1) 2 = 2 3 = 3 In the second equation, the constants are 2, -1, and -4 in that order. It is observed that each constant is increased by -3 from the previous constant. Thus, the constants from this equation also make up an arithmetic sequence whereby U1 = 2 and d = -3. Hence the general formula is Un = U1 + (n-1)(-3). U2 = U1 + (n-1)(d) U3 = U1 + (n-1)(d) -1 = 2 + (2-1)(-3) -4 = 2 + (3-1)(-3) -1 = -1 -4 = -4 To further investigate the significance of these arithmetic sequences, the equations will be solved by substitution and displayed graphically. x + 2y = 3 2x y = -4 x = 3- 2y y = 2x + 4 x = 3 2(2) y = 2(3 2y) +4 x = -1 5y = 6 + 4 y = 2 On the graph, both lines meet at a common point (-1,2) where x = -1 and y = 2. The two linear equations have a solution of x = -1 and y = 2, proven analytically and graphically. However, this pattern may be only specific to this 2 x 2 system of linear equations. Therefore, other 2 x 2 system of linear equations following the same pattern of having constants forming arithmetic sequences will be examined as well. Another 2 x 2 system of linear equations to be considered is: The constants of these equations are 3, 6, and 9, and 4, 2, and 0 with a difference of 1 and -2 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point of both equations is (-1,2), with x being -1 and y being 2. Therefore the common point has been proven both analytically and graphically to be (-1,2). Another example is: The constants of these equations are -3, 1, and 5, and -2, -6, and -10 with a difference of 4 and -4 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point is (-1,2). Thus it is both proven analytically and graphically that the common point is (-1,2). Another example is: The constants of these equations are 3, 2, and 1, and 2, 7, and 12 with a difference of -1 and 5 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point is (-1,2). Thus it is both proven analytically and graphically that the common point is (-1,2). Another example is: The constants of these equations are 5, 12, and 19, and 1, -5, and -11 with a difference of 7 and -6 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point is (-1,2). Thus it is both proven analytically and graphically that the common point is (-1,2). From the examples of 22 systems of linear equations, a conjecture that could be derived is: The solution for any 22 system of linear equations with constants that form an arithmetic sequence is always x=-1 and y=2. The general formula of such equations could be written as: Whereby represents the first term for the first equation and represents the first term for the second equation with a common difference of and respectively. The equations are then solved simultaneously: Therefore, it is proved that the solution for a 22 system of linear equations with constants that form an arithmetic sequence is always x = -1 and y = 2. However, the possibility of a 33 system exhibiting the same patterns as the previous 22 systems examined has not been discussed. Hence, this investigation will extend to 33 systems as well. Here is an 33 system: The for the first equation is 3 and the is (5-3)= 2. The for the first equation is 1 and the is (-4-1)=-5. The for the first equation is 4 and the is (7-4)=3. Gaussian Elimination method will be used. Change R3 into 4R2-R3 Change R2 into 3R2-R1 Change R3 into 23R2-17R3 The third row/R3 has all 0 which means that there is no one unique solution but infinite solutions. Therefore, in R2 We will let where k is a parameter To find other solutions, will be substituted in the other equation The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. Here is another 33 system: The for the first equation is 2 and the is (3-2)= 1. The for the first equation is 5 and the is (5-3)=-2. The for the first equation is -3 and the is (4-(-3))=7. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. Another: The for the first equation is 4 and the is (-2-4)= -6. The for the first equation is 1 and the is (5-1)=-4. The for the first equation is 2 and the is (7-2)=5. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. Here is another 33 system: The for the first equation is 4 and the is (-4-4)= -8. The for the first equation is 2 and the is (-1-2)=-3. The for the first equation is 6 and the is (14-6)=8. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. The for the first equation is 7 and the is (20-7)= 13. The for the first equation is 20 and the is (3-20)=-17. The for the first equation is 6 and the is (-5-6)= -11. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. From these examples, a conjecture can be made. A 33 system of equations that have constants that form an arithmetic sequence will have infinite solutions that will be in the form of , , and where is a parameter. This is proven by the general formula: Being solved by using Gaussian elimination rule: Change R3 into R3-R2 Change R2 into R2-R1 Change R3 into Change R2 into Change R3 into R3-R2 R3 has only zeroes/0. This means that there is no unique solution but infinite solutions instead. Assume whereby is a parameter, Through substitution, The solutions for this 33 system are , , and , proving the conjecture true. Other than systems of linear equations that contain arithmetic sequences, other types will be investigated. Lets consider this 2 x 2 system: In the first equation, the constants 1, 2, and 4 make up a geometric sequence whereby the first term (U1) is 1 and each consecutive term is multiplied by a common ratio (r) which in this case is 2. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 In the second equation, the constants 5, -1, and make up a geometric sequence whereby U1 = 5 and r = . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 The equations can be rewritten in the form of as: For the first equation, and . For the second equation, and.. The relationship between and appears to be that one is the negative reciprocal of the other. In any case, more examples of similar linear equations will be needed to thoroughly investigate the patterns. The equations will be solved by substitution: Another example: In the first equation, the constants 3, 12, and 48 make up a geometric sequence whereby the first term (U1) is 3 and each consecutive term is multiplied by r which in this case is 4. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 In the second equation, the constants 3, -1, and make up a geometric sequence whereby U1 = 3 and r = . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 The equations can be rewritten in the form of as: For the first equation, and . For the second equation, and.. The equations will be solved using substitution: Another example: In the first equation, the constants 7, 42, and 252 make up a geometric sequence whereby the first term (U1) is 7 and each consecutive term is multiplied by r which in this case is 6. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 In the second equation, the constants 2, -1, and make up a geometric sequence whereby U1 = 2 and r = . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 The equations can be rewritten in the form of as: For the first equation, and . For the second equation, and.. The equations will be solved by using substitution: From observing all three systems, it is found that the relationship between and appears to be that one is the negative reciprocal of the other. But it can also be said that . The general formula of such equations could be written as: Whereby represents the first term for the first equation and represents the first term for the second equation with a common ratio of and respectively. The equations are then solved simultaneously: So is the result of one ratio subtracted from the other. is the product of the common ratios from both linear equations.

Importance of Swot Analysis Essay

Why is the process of conducting an internal and external analysis on a regular basis important for any size company? The process of an internal and external analysis on a regular basis is important for any size company because it allows the company to know where it stands at the moment and determines the development and forecasts of those factors that will influence the organizational success. This is also known as environmental scanning where the external and the internal environments are scanned for information like ongoing trends patterns, occasions and changes going around and the effect it has to both these environments. External analysis: These analyses are performed outside the firm and depend on the following factors: a, MACRO: technological, demographic/economic, political/legal and social/cultural, national and global environment b. MICRO: competitors, suppliers, customers, publics, channels etc. Internal Analysis: This analysis is performed within the firm that includes the employees, management and the shareholders, resources, organisational structure etc. SWOT Analysis  The most common way of analyzing this external and internal environment is by performing the SWOT analysis. SWOT is an acronym used that describes Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that are strategic elements for a firm. A SWOT analysis should not only result in the identification of a corporation’s core competencies, but also in the identification of opportunities that the firm is not currently able to take advantage of due to a lack of appropriate resources. (Wheelen, Hunger pg 107) The External analysis comprises of the Opportunities and Threats that the company needs to identify or focus on for its profitability and development of defensive actions. * Opportunities: This analyzes the area where the firm can identify its opportunities so as to have a competitive advantage over its competitors. Once identified, the firm has to work on them to make it one of its strengths. Its main aim is to find an area where they need to develop to be profitable. * Threats: These are the threats that the firm faces from outside the firm and can be from any of the external sources. The firm has to be prepared to tackle these threats by developing strategic decisions when required so that it does not affect their profitability or sales. The Internal analysis focuses on the internal environment of the organisation and analyzes the Strengths and Weaknesses of the company. * Strengths: These are the core competencies of the firm that provides them the advantage of achieving their goals. These should be aligned in meeting the customer requirements because at the end of the day, it is the customer whom they serve. Therefore, it should be customer focussed and market oriented. * Weaknesses: These refer to the firm’s limitations in fulfilling their strategic decisions or failure to implement them. It has to be analyzed from the customer’s point of view so as to get a clear idea. These steps need to analyze the firm’s resources and the capabilities to meet their goals and identify events and trends that might impact the strategic plans and decisions of the company.

Markrting plan coca cola Essay

The Coca-Cola Company is a global business enterprise and one of two main soft drink sellers. Study of this report helps the reader to know that how Coca2 Cola has achieved its current market position. This report enlightens those factors that company has adopted during its long journey of 52 years in Pakistan. This report includes the introduction, micro and macro environment factors affecting coke. The reader of this report can expect that after having complete study he/she can certainly have a broader view the marketing environment of Coca-Cola that who are the competitors what are the company’s internal factors & customers, its external factors like economic, natural & technological are affecting Coca-Cola Company. 1. Introduction The Coca-Cola Company began operating in Pakistan in 1953. Coke, Fanta Sprite & Kinley are the brands with whom Coca-Cola is operating in Pakistan. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan operates through eight bottlers, four of which are majority-owned by Coca-Cola Beverages Pakistan Limited (CCBPL). The CCBPL plants are in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Lahore. The remaining two plants, independently owned, are in Rawalpindi and Peshawar. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan serves 70,000 customers/retail outlets. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan employs 1,800 people working constantly for the company. During the last two years, The Coca-Cola Company in Pakistan has invested over $130 million (U.S) and coke has successfully provided 51 years of dedicated service to its customers in Pakistan. Since the beginning of Coke Company the firm has been continuously changing its slogans (Appendix.1) and that’s a very creative idea to get the attention of the customers. 1.1 Mission, Vision & Values of Coca Cola (Reference 1) The world is changing all around us. To continue to thrive as a business over the next ten years and beyond, we must look ahead, understand the trends and forces that will shape our business in the future and move swiftly to prepare for what’s to come. We must get ready for tomorrow today. That’s what our 2020 Vision is all about. It creates a long-term destination for our business and provides us with a â€Å"Roadmap† for winning together with our bottling partners. Our Mission Our Roadmap starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. 3 †¢ †¢ To refresh the world†¦ To inspire moments of optimism and happiness†¦ †¢ To create value and make a difference. Our Vision Our vision serves as the framework for our Roadmap and guides every aspect of our business by describing what we need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people’s desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. †¢ Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. Our Winning Culture Our Winning Culture defines the attitudes and behaviors that will be required of us to make our 2020 Vision a reality. Live Our Values Our values serve as a compass for our actions and describe how we behave in the world. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Leadership: The courage to shape a better future Collaboration: Leverage collective genius Integrity: Be real Accountability: If it is to be, it’s up to me Passion: Committed in heart and mind Diversity: As inclusive as our brands Quality: What we do, we do well Focus on the Market †¢ †¢ †¢ Focus on needs of our consumers, customers and franchise partners Get out into the market and listen, observe and learn Possess a world view 4 †¢ Focus on execution in the marketplace every day †¢ Be insatiably curious Work Smart †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Act with urgency Remain responsive to change Have the courage to change course when needed Remain constructively discontent Work efficiently Act Like Owners †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Be accountable for our actions and inactions Steward system assets and focus on building value Reward our people for taking risks and finding better ways to solve problems Learn from our outcomes — what worked and what didn’t Be the Brand †¢ †¢ Inspire creativity, passion, optimism and fun 1.2 Objectives Of Coca-Cola The company has sales based objective .Every thing else (marketing plan, advertising plan, production etc.) is derived from this objective. Currently the company‘s objective is to â€Å"Increase the volume of sales up to the maximum level as much as possible during the current fiscal year.† The company sets its objective keeping in view the past performance, Historical trends, current market position, economic condition, macro environment and micro environment factors, social values, market size and growth rate ,future expectations and predictions. Chapter# 1 Marketing Environments 5 The forces outside marketing that affect marketing management ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. There are two types of marketing environments that may affect any company’s operation, Microenvironment and the Macro environment. The Coca-Cola Company also has its Marketing Environments which affect on its business. Chapter# 2 Micro environment factors affecting Coca Cola Micro Environments are the internal environments of any company like company itself, marketing intermediaries, suppliers, customers, competitors & Public following are the major micro environmental factors which are affecting Coca-Cola. I. The Company Muhtar Kent Chairman of Board & Chief Executive Officer Joseph V. Tripodi Chief Marketing & Commercial Officer (EVP) Coca-Cola Operates in more than 200 countries and a market portfolio of 3000 beverage products including Carbonated Drinks, Sparkling Drinks and still beverages like mineral water, juices, coffee & Energy Drinks (Appendix. 2). Head quarters in Atlanta, Georgia Coca-Cola have more than 92400 associates across six operating groups Eurasia, Latin America, North America, Pacific & bottling Investment as Corporate. (Reference 2) In Pakistan Coca-Cola working under the Eurasia group Coca-Cola business Strategy is based on local marketing they establish there plant in the country where they want to do business instead of exporting. In Pakistan they have there production plants in. Karachi, Lahore, Hyderabad, Rhim yar Khan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Gujranwala & Peshawer. There marketing Department working close with other departments like purchase, accounts, distribution etc to achieve there goal. Following is the organizational Departments of Coca-Cola. (Reference 3) a. MARKETING DEPARTMENT The Coca Cola marketing department develops core strategies for company brands to ensure that all communication is consistent in every market. With this cohesive effort, the Coca-Cola system maximizes its resources for market leadership and profitable 6 growth. The marketing departments are responsible for marketing the products and advertising the products and promoting the products. If all these departments perform their duty firmly then the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company will meets. b. FINANCE DEPARTMENT The finance department of the Coca Cola Company is responsible for financial record keeping. This involves keeping records of money received and paid out. The financial records will be used to produce the annual reports for the shareholders so that they can see the company performance. The Finance department is also responsible for the management accounts of the business like marketing etc. The Coca-Cola Company finance department is also responsible for making budget of the company and for each department like marketing department or research and development department. They will also be involved in the planning process like taking over or any major decision. c. PACKAGING DEPARTMENT The packaging department of Coca-Cola Company is responsible for the packaging of the products. They have to make the packaging attractive so that that product meets the eyes of the consumers. Bringing new products package is their responsibility. It works with the companies bottling partners to produce an attractive combination. d. SALES DEPARTMENT The sales department of the Coca Cola Company is to coordinate the selling program. They also have to make the distribution methods, etc. Also, decide how much to sell and how much to store in the warehouse and to choose the transporting method which is the most cost efficient and the quickest way. e. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT This department has their budget given by the finance department and their responsibility is to investigate new products. They work closely with marketing by looking at marketing research findings. They have to bring new products in the market for the change because the consumer cannot stick with the same old products. If necessary then they also have to improve the quality of the products. The Coca-Cola Company research department has done a lot of research and recently they have launched many new products like Diet coke with lemon, Fanta Tropical, Minute maids, Fanta raspberry, Fanta blue berry etc. f. ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT This department is essential for keeping the business going. They act as a help support of the company, it is not the central purpose the business but every business organization would need this department. Most businesses rely on administration to be organized. They deal with enquiries, give messages produce documents and give 7 information to any customer. The complaints that this department will get would be transferred to the research and development department to make the product better or fix the problem that the consumer is having. These departments are the most important department of The Coca-Cola Company because they helps the company to meets the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company i.e. surviving, customer satisfaction and make more profits. As I said that the help desk department satisfies the customer by providing the information they needs and taking the complaints and passing to the research and development departments who improves the products. II. Marketing Intermediaries Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote, sell and distribute its goods to the end users. Intermediaries include resellers, distribution firms and marketing agencies. When we talk about coke, Coke Company in Pakistan as well as abroad have recognized the importance of working with their intermediaries. For example recently Coke signed ten years deal with US based company Wendy that it will provide coke to all the fast food chains located in US. Wendy in this case is a big example of intermediary for coke. In Pakistan other than various resellers, McDonald is one big party that is reseller of coke and also Subway is a big reseller of coke. Similarly there are thousands of private agencies (intermediaries) that are working for coke to distribute the product to the shopkeepers and retailers all over the country. Currently there are 46 distributors working in Lahore. Coke Company uses two techniques for distribution, direct distribution and indirect distribution. In direct distribution company uses no agencies or middlemen to distribute the soft drinks but company has its own system of distribution that includes Company’s trucks and labor as well. The other way is indirect distribution in which company opts for various distributors that take the product from factory to the retailers and resellers. III. Suppliers Suppliers always play an important role in any company’s operation. Suppliers provide resources and raw material that company requires to produce the goods and services. Coke company suppliers in Pakistan vary with respect to the raw material they provide. Following is a brief list of different suppliers of coke. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Baluchistan Glass Limited provides glass bottles of all sizes that are used in bottling. (Reference. 4) ShangHai Plato chemical co. Ltd provides pet bottles with the labels. Labels are designed by the Packages Ltd. (Reference. 5) Saharan Mills Limited provides the quality sugar in hygienic packets. Vanillin Intercool Pakistan provides the machinery such as visicoolers and chest coolers for the chilled coco-cola. 8 †¢ Dynamic Equipment and Controls (PVT) Limited provides industrial refrigeration solutions, dispensing equipments, complete bottle line and capping machines. (Reference. 6) IV. Customers Recent survey shows that coke is the only product in the world with which more than 85% of the population is well aware of. All the companies have to keep updated study of their customers and in case of coke the company has always maintained excellent customer retention. Value of customers for coke can be understood by these factors that coke spends lot of efforts (financial and human resource) on customer research. For example, Coke knows through market survey that we put 3.2 ice cubes in a glass and one million of US population drinks coke with breakfast every day. This is how coke has been favorite drink of customers for centuries. Coke customers vary massively in terms of age. From kids to youngsters, from youngsters to elders and from elders to older, coke has always captured high customer attention from decades. We can divide coke customers in different categories. a. Consumer Market: This is the group of consumer from where coke purchases are at the highest level because consumer market includes individuals and households. Households mostly buy coke for daily use in large number and purchasing by individuals is also the case of repeat purchase. Healthy consumer market is a big advantage for the company. b. Reseller Market Reseller market of coke is very large all over the world. This is the market, which buy the product from company and resell it at profit. In Pakistan McDonald is the biggest example of reseller of coke. McDonald purchases coke from the company and sell it with each fast food deal served at restaurant. The survey shows that each branch of McDonald located in Lahore & Karachi sells approximately 500-700 liters of coke daily to its customers. Subway is also has contract with Coca-Cola to serve coke with its every salad & sandwich. c. International Market International market consists of those buyers who are in other countries. Coke is worldwide known product and every country where coke is been sold has a manufacturing unit of its own. Similar is the case in Pakistan. Coke manufacturing plants are in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rahimyar Khan, 9 Multan and Lahore and these plants are producing the drink for the local use. So in Pakistan there are no international buyers of coke. v. Competitors All over world there are two soft drink giants, Coke and Pepsi. The competition between two companies has always been neck to neck. Both these companies keep on try to take lead in terms of pricing, packaging, promoting and placing. Pepsi is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with revenues of about $27 billion and over 143,000 employees. Pepsi brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories. As we compare the products of these two competitors we come to know that Coke has two flavors in Pakistan that is coke plain and coke diet where as similar is the case with Pepsi as only these two flavors are available of Pepsi as well. So in this perspective both parties have equal strength. However competition is at its peak in terms of pricing. So many times we see that as soon as Pepsi lower downs the price of 1 liter pet bottle or disposable drink, Coke adjusts its price right away so that they may not loose their customers. Although both these brands have sufficient amount of buyers all over the world but still both the companies strive to achieve the market leader position. Coke even after 99 successful years in US still trying best to be more innovative. Coke manufacturers spent two years and 4 Million $ on research before settling on a new formula and finally came up with â€Å"sweeter new coke† and later on with â€Å"cherry coke†. Companies make all these efforts to give more customer value and satisfaction than its competitors. In Pakistan recently a few other beverages are also introduced such as Mecca-Cola and Amrat-Cola but currently these soft drinks are not a threat for coke due to their very low market share and secondly due to brand loyalty of customers for coke. Competition Worldwide Competition in Pakistan 10 ., 10% 60% ., 36% Coca-cola Coca-Cola Pepsi 30% 10% Pepsi Other Others 54% vi. Public Every country has different type of public which effect any business in the country most effective public for Coca-Cola is media public. Media plays a vital role in Coca-Cola in Pakistan. Media Public The field of advertisement is one area where Coca-Cola has always emphasized. In year 2000 Coca-Cola unveiled the biggest advertising billboards in the history of Pakistan. Each unveiling was marked by entertainment and light shows watched by thousands of people. Similarly in July 2000 Coca-Cola launched its first under the crown promotion by the name of Dream Vacations in which the consumers could collect caps of promotional bottles of Coca-Cola like Sprite, Fanta and Coke. Internal Public Our company is built around two core assets, its brands and its people. That’s what makes working here so special. We believe that work is more than a place you go every day. It should be a place of exploration, creativity, professional growth and interpersonal relationships. It’s about being inspired and motivated to achieve extraordinary things. We want our people to take pride in their work and in building brands others love. After all, it’s the combined talents, skills, knowledge, experience and passion of our people that make us who we are. Our 92,800 associates around the world live and work in the markets we serve — more than 87 percent of them outside the U.S. In this geographically diverse environment, we learn from each market and share those learn quickly. As a result, our Company culture is ever more collaborative. From beverage concept and development to merchandising, our associates are sharing ideas across departments and markets in new ways. Consequently, our associates are increasingly enthusiastic about their work and inspired to turn plans into action. (Reference 7) 11 Macro environment factors affecting Coca Cola 1. Demographics Coca cola knows its people very well. It offers different flavors & packaging according to its customer’s taste. It offers following sizes & every size is targeting different slots of customers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. SSRB (Standard size returnable bottle) LRB (Large size returnable bottle) NRD (Non-returnable/ Disposable bottle) PET (Plastic Bottle 500 ml) PET (Plastic Bottle 1.5 liter) CANS (tin pack 330 ml) It targets its different sizes according to customers of different age groups & occupations. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ SSRB is generally targeted to young children & people going to schools & universities. It is also targeted to the people of lower class. LRB & PET 1.5 liters is usually consumed by households &I s one of its economy packs. Disposable bottles are for the â€Å"on the go† people. As they don’t have the time to stand at a spot & drink the whole beverage. PET 500ml was introduced, on the basis of the analysis, which shows that people nowadays are in a trend to drink two 250ml coke bottles together. As Coca Cola is a company who knows its consumers very well, they introduced the 500ml Pet bottle. Business executives always expect something different for them form an organization, so Coke CANS were the answer to their expectation from coke. Different flavors always attract different types of people. They are for the people who always want to try something new. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Classic coke is the one suitable product who don’t want a change in their life or who don’t want to try something new. Keeping the people in view who are fitness oriented, health conscious & diabetic patients Diet Coke is the solution for all their beverage problems. Vanilla Coke was introduced for the people who want a more sweetened beverage & who are looking for vanilla in everything they have. Cherry & Lime Coke is targeted to the people who want something citrus. Coca Cola launches its product after they study their customers in deep detail & conclude that what their customers really wants from them. Consumers always welcome Coca Cola’s product, as they know that Coca Cola is the one who knows them the best. 12 2. Economic factors Economic factors do affect a company in negative & positive manner. Coke is not an exception here, it is affected if there is inflation in the country & as a result coke increases its prices. Pepsi is always waiting to take a competitive edge. The increased price is a high negative effect on coke. Coke has employed 1800 workers in the last two years & huge amount of revenues have been collected from Pakistan. The economy worldwide was disturbed by the incident of September 11th,2001. The disposable income of the people of Pakistan is increasing day by day & coke that was thought as a luxury good is now becoming a necessity. 3. Social factors Coke, a customer oriented company, always take steps for the welfare of its consumers. The recyclable products used in manufacturing coke helps save people’s environment. Coke is also helping the needy & knowledge seeking people with fewer resources by providing them books, scholarships & opportunities to work. Coke has launched a program in Gujranwala & Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan where it provides basic education to children (Reference. 8). Coke has also launched programs to increase awareness about the conservation of water & natural resources, climate changes, waste environment education & recyclable products. The Coca-Cola Export Corporation (TCCEC) has set-up an endowment fund at Pakistan’s premier university, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). The fund, donated by The Coca-Cola Foundation, will be used for funding entire education of 02 students for 4 years of Bachelors program at LUMS’s School of Science & Engineering. These students belong to underprivileged areas of Pakistan but their educational record is extremely impressive and they are called Coca-Cola Scholars.In 2005, TCCEC started ‘Adopt-a-School’ program, under which we adopted 05 government schools and supported them by building classrooms, parks, providing free books, furniture etc. Also, TCCEC has long supported CARE Foundation for providing free education to underprivileged children of Punjab province. (Reference. 9) 4. Technological factors Technology in any field is effecting the development of that industry at a high rate. Beverage industry is also affected by the technological factors but in a positive manner. The new methods of filling the bottles, the refrigeration methods, the disposable bottles, the PET bottles all made so many changes to the Coke which is one of the giants in the beverage industry. Coke is adopting all the new technologies available. Coke is being supplied with the refrigerators, visichest coolers & many more for keeping the bottles chilled, as they claim in the subcontinent â€Å"thanda matlab Coca Cola†. Coca Cola Company got the technology of dispensers so they give Coke to people that is as fresh from the fountain. Coca Cola Company has adopted the technology for the usage of 13 PET bottles, which are also environmental friendly. Coca Cola Company adopted the recycling method to keep its environment clean & also to have the soft corner in people’s heart. Coca Cola Company is producing new packaging sizes with differentiated packaging with the help of new technology everyday. 5. Cultural factors Culture of Pakistan is gourmet, music, sport & religious oriented Coca-Cola has many opportunities in any occasion in Pakistan Coca-Cola always there, like a. Coca Cola & Cricket Pepsi is one of the biggest official sponsors of cricket & is also the official drink of cricket. Coke is there, giving Pepsi a tough time. Coke has sponsored eight Pakistani cricket players. Coca Cola is targeting cricket as it is one the famous & growing all over the world. b. Coca Cola & Musical Concerts When you think of Pakistani Punjabi bhangra, Abrar-ul-Haq is the first name you think of. Coca Cola is the official sponsor of Abrar. Coke sponsors almost all of the concerts of Abrar. In most of the hoardings, billboards & TV commercials of coke, we see Abrar performing & promoting coke. Junoon is a known name all over the world. Coke targeted its customer through music celebrities & asks them to perform in their concerts & commercials. You see Junoon performing a desire of having a coke is rite in you. c. Coca Cola & Food Mela This is the century when food industry is at its boom. Coca cola organizes food melas for the people. In Karachi, coke treated thousands of people by bringing 50 bustling restaurants all together in one area. All those restaurants were offering coke as the only beverage in the food mela. d. Coca Cola & Basant Basant is one of the biggest events in Lahore. Coke was the official decorator of Lahore hired by PHA. Coke has promoted its products so much with relevance to basant that at basant whenever you want to drink something chilled, the first name you think of is Coke. It is there in the mind of the people that â€Å"Where there is Basant there is Coca Cola†. e. Coke in Ramzan & Eid Eid & Ramazan is one of the holy events of muslims. Coke earns its great revenues in the month of Ramazan & at the time of Eid. It offers new packaging or great discount offers also special offers at Eid. 14 6. Political factor Political factors usually effects company working on the international level doing imports & exports. Coke usually performs its operations in the local market. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Coke is not usually affected by government regulations & deregulations as no major changes occur in the food laws. Coke is a very environmental friendly product. From the caps till the labels on the PET bottles, everything is recyclable. Depreciation of currency generally has no major effects on Coke they really don’t do imports & exports on large scale. They try to be local market oriented, they keep at least one company owned plant in a country. Sudden changes in political conditions in a certain country doesn’t effect much on Coke, as it is a purely consumer product. Pressure groups tried to de-market Coke in Pakistan by spreading the rumors that the revenue collected from coke goes to the Jewish lobby. 7. Natural Factor Water is vital to both WWF and The Coca-Cola Company. Beverages are The Coca-Cola Company’s business, and water is the main ingredient in every product we make. Safe water also is vital to the sustainability of the communities we serve. WWF’s mission is the conservation of nature and the protection of natural resources for people and wildlife. Protecting freshwater ecosystems is a top priority in WWF’s work. Now, through a partnership announced on June 5, 2007, we are combining our international strengths and resources to support water conservation throughout the world. ATLANTA, April 20, 2007 – The Coca-Cola Company today announced that it was implementing measures to reduce energy consumption at its two million square foot world headquarters by 23 percent and reduce its water consumption by nearly 15 percent. These efforts are expected to eliminate more than 10,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year, which is the equivalent of removing 2,000 cars from the road. â€Å"By taking bold measures to conserve natural resources in our own backyard, we want to send a message to companies and individuals that combating a leading global environmental problem demands local action,† said Bryan Jacob, the Coca-Cola Company’s energy and climate protection manager. â€Å"We all have a role to play, from using energy-efficient lighting where we can, to repairing leaky faucets and watering our lawns only in the morning and the evening. Each leaky faucet in our homes or offices could be wasting 180 gallons of water per week.† (Reference 10) We have a role to play in helping the communities we rely upon. We know that to make a meaningful difference, we must focus our efforts beyond the confines of our own bottling plants. 15 Today, nearly one-sixth of the world’s population — more than 1 billion people — doesn’t have access to safe drinking water. Approximately 2.6 billion don’t have adequate sanitation. Due to the issues surrounding water, billions of people are vulnerable to disease and food insecurity. We work closely with our supply chain, local communities, governments and nongovernment organizations to replenish water to nature and communities. In fact, since 2005 we have been involved in more than 250 community water partnerships in 70 countries to support locally relevant initiatives, such as watershed protection; expanding community drinking water and sanitation access; agricultural water use efficiency; and education and awareness programs. In 2009, we asked respected experts to work with us to calculate the water benefits of these projects. (Reference 11) Chapter# 3 Conclusion In the end we learned In Pakistan as compared to Pepsi, Coca-Cola has less number of consumers as Pepsi’s market share in Pakistan is approximately 58% where as coke market share is hovering about 32% but worldwide Coca-Cola has 60% whereas Pepsi has 30%. Coca-Cola’s environmental factors are positive The Company is working with teamwork by joining its all departments its resellers are the well known & reputable restaurants of the world it using two types of medium of distribution which are cost effective suppliers of Coca-Cola are local in Pakistan so it save lots of importing cost of raw material as we discuss above that coke brand known by 85% of the world population so they have massive consumers competition of Coca-Cola is very tough in Pakistan with Pepsi. Its promoting Pakistan’s cultural Environment at its best level demographically coke fulfilling the consumer requirements in Pakistan. Coca-Cola working on natural environment to reduce co2 level in the globe & providing safe water to community. Socially Coca Cola is doing god work by providing scholarships & basic Educational program in Pakistan. Technology of Coca-Cola is very Competitive in this Modern Era. References 1 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values.html 2 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/index.html 3 Scribd (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() 16 4 http://www.balochistanglass.com/clients.htm 5 www.tradekey.com/profile†¦/ShangHai-Plato-chemical-co-Ltd.htm 6 DYNAMIC EQUIPMENT & CONTROLS (PVT) LTD. F-1/23, Canal Cottages, Block-D New Muslim Town, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan URL: http://www.dynamic-eqpt.com.pk 7 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/meet_our_people.html 8 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-12-2003_pg7_16 (Paragraph No 9) 9 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/education.html 10 http://www.thecoca-company.com/presscenter/nr_20070420_corporate_reduce_energy_consumption.html 11 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/watershed_protection.html Appendices Appendix 1 Slogans of Coca Cola in Pakistan ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ 1886 Drink Coca-Cola 1908 Get the genuine 1923 Enjoy thirst 1934 When it’s hard to get started, start with a Coca-Cola 1942 The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself 1956 The friendliest drink on earth 1963 Things go better with Coke 1993 Always. Coca-Cola 2001 Life is Good 2003 Jo Chaho Ho Jaye Coca Cola Enjoy 2004 Flight Of Delight 2005 Galay Delicious Taste 17 ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ 2006 Thanda matlab coca cola 2007 khaly pily jila coca cola 2008 Aja jashan mena ly 2009 Always Coca Cola Appendix 2 Products Coke Classic Dite Coke Limca Fanta Mazaa Sprite Sprite 3G Coke Zero Minute made Tab Energy Drink For More Product Review Visit http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/brands/index.html 18